Cervantes

Hoy es el día más hermoso de nuestra vida, querido Sancho; los obstáculos más grandes, nuestras propias indecisiones; nuestro enemigo más fuerte, el miedo al poderoso y a nosotros mismos; la cosa más fácil, equivocarnos; la más destructiva, la mentira y el egoísmo; la peor derrota, el desaliento; los defectos más peligrosos, la soberbia y el rencor; las sensaciones más gratas, la buena conciencia, el esfuerzo para ser mejores sin ser perfectos, y sobretodo, la disposición para hacer el bien y combatir la injusticia dondequiera que esté.

MIGUEL DE CERVANTES
Don Quijote de la Mancha.

31 de diciembre de 2018

Researchers model glaciation on Mercury's poles


by Brooks Hays Washington (UPI) Dec 28, 2018

Mercury's poles are marked by large craters. Icy deposits hide inside. Now, scientists think they know how the ice got there.
Researchers at the University of Maine modeled the glaciation process on the planet closest to the sun.
Most of Mercury is rather hot. But a few of its polar craters remain in permanent shadow, allowing for temperature low enough to sustain ice deposits. The glaciers are thought to be less than 50 million years old and 165-feet thick in some places.
Scientists used data collected by Earth-based radar to characterize the shape, thickness and distribution of Mercury's polar ice.
Mercury has no atmosphere that could generate snow or ice deposits. The simulations designed by the University of Maine research team showed a comet impact was the most likely original source of ice.
The model found little evidence of flow, suggesting the ice deposits have remained still and stable over the last several million years.
"We expect the deposits [on Mercury] are supply limited, and that they are basically stagnant unmoving deposits, reflecting the extreme efficiency of the cold-trapping mechanism" of the polar terrain, researchers said in a news release.
Researchers used the University of Maine Ice Sheet Model to run their simulations. The model was designed to recreate the movement and evolution of ice sheets and glaciers on Mars and Earth.
James Fastook, a professor of computer science and researcher at the Climate Change Institute, and his colleagues shared the results of their simulations in the journal Icarus.

Related Links News Flash at MercuryMars News and Information at MarsDaily.comLunar Dreams and more

NASA spaceship zooms toward farthest world ever photographed


By Kerry SHERIDAN Tampa (AFP) Dec 31, 2018

A NASA spaceship is zooming toward the farthest, and quite possibly the oldest, cosmic body ever photographed by humankind, a tiny, distant world called Ultima Thule some four billion miles (6.4 billion kilometers) away.
The US space agency will ring in the New Year with a live online broadcast to mark historic flyby of the mysterious object in a dark and frigid region of space known as the Kuiper Belt at 12:33 am January 1 (0533 GMT Tuesday).
A guitar anthem recorded by legendary Queen guitarist Brian May -- who also holds an advanced degree in astrophysics -- will be released just after midnight to accompany a video simulation of the flyby, as NASA commentators describe the close pass on www.nasa.gov/nasalive.
Real-time video of the actual flyby is impossible, since it takes more six hours for a signal sent from Earth to reach the spaceship, named New Horizons, and another six hours for the response to arrive.
But if all goes well, the first images should be in hand by the end of New Year's Day.
And judging by the latest tweet from Alan Stern, the lead scientist on the New Horizons mission, the excitement among team members is palpable.
"IT'S HAPPENING!! Flyby is upon us! @NewHorizons2015 is healthy and on course! The farthest exploration of worlds in history!" he wrote on Saturday.
- What does it look like? -
Scientists are not sure what Ultima Thule (pronounced TOO-lee) looks like -- whether it is round or oblong or even if it is a single object or a cluster.
It was discovered in 2014 with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope, and is believed to be 12-20 miles (20-30 kilometers) in size.
Scientists decided to study it with New Horizons after the spaceship, which launched in 2006, completed its main mission of flying by Pluto in 2015, returning the most detailed images ever taken of the dwarf planet.
"At closest approach we are going to try to image Ultima at three times the resolution we had for Pluto," said Stern.
"If we can accomplish that it will be spectacular."
Hurtling through space at a speed of 32,000 miles (51,500 kilometers) per hour, the spacecraft aims to make its closest approach within 2,200 miles (3,500 kilometers) of the surface of Ultima Thule.
The flyby will be fast, at a speed of nine miles (14 kilometers) per second.
Seven instruments on board will record high-resolution images and gather data about its size and composition.
Ultima Thule is named for a mythical, far-northern island in medieval literature and cartography, according to NASA.
"Ultima Thule means 'beyond Thule' -- beyond the borders of the known world -- symbolizing the exploration of the distant Kuiper Belt and Kuiper Belt objects that New Horizons is performing, something never before done," the US space agency said in a statement.
According to project scientist Hal Weaver of the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, mankind didn't even know the Kuiper Belt -- a vast ring of relics from the formation days of the solar system -- existed until the 1990s.
"This is the frontier of planetary science," said Weaver.
"We finally have reached the outskirts of the solar system, these things that have been there since the beginning and have hardly changed -- we think. We will find out."
Despite the partial US government shutdown, sparked by a feud over funding for a border wall with Mexico between President Donald Trump and opposition Democrats, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine vowed that the US space agency would broadcast the flyby.
Normally, NASA TV and NASA's website would go dark during a government shutdown.
NASA will also provide updates about another spacecraft, called OSIRIS-REx, that will enter orbit around the asteroid Bennu on New Year's Eve, Bridenstine said.
ksh/ia
STERN GROEP

Related Links New Horizons at APL The million outer planets of a star called Sol

U.S. Forces Withdraw From Afghanistan. Secret Negotiations with the Taliban. “Huge Political Change on the Horizon”


Reporting from Kabul, December 27, 2018. The announcement of withdrawal of the US forces from Syria and then Afghanistan was truly incredible to many US allies in the Middle East and Afghanistan. Although, some believe that Trump pulled the forces out to add a victory on his presidential track record to win a vote for himself and his party in the upcoming presidential election, this is not true especially about Afghanistan which tells a different story. Part of America’s presence in Syria was driven by Israeli interests such as containment of Iranian influence and the decision has infuriated Tel Aviv.
Since months, the US has been working to recast Afghan policy and the withdrawal of 7,000 troops from the total 14,000 is not a sudden decision, but part of a new agenda which is already noticeable in the recent US movements in Afghanistan.
President Trump’s apparently abrupt and insistent decision to remove boots from Syria and Afghanistan that met with reactions, pleas and even resignations from US lawmakers and Generals indicates that the chief decision-making panel is behind the doors to whom Trump only serve as a speaker because unlike common sense, Trump is a nonentity to decide all by himself. The Pentagon before and under James Mattis has defended military presence both in Syria and Afghanistan.
The US has its nine mega bases legalized across Afghanistan and it will keep a few thousand noncombatant soldiers there, as it has already halted or wound down the combat operations.


This is a time the US is not greatly engaged in Afghanistan that the withdrawal would affect its presence or influence. The insurgents have captured more than half of country; conclaves under peace talks are vaguely underway to negotiate the future fate of Afghanistan; the presidential election is scheduled for April 2019, all of which sets the stage for the US to implement the new giant plans.

It has been months since the US special representative for Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad (
image right) has been bargaining with the Taliban and regional states allegedly about peace, but the secrets have been unfolding day by day. If the US had decided the withdrawal with most of Afghanistan under government control, it could signal some optimism for a prosperous future. But now with militants seizing the control of major cities and districts, the US exit as well as covert talks with militants namely Taliban in Qatar or UAE reveal that a huge change is on the horizon in Afghanistan to the likely detriment of its nation.
Reports confirm that the US’s agreement with Saudi Arabia and UAE have caused the half of American soldiers to depart from Afghanistan. It is also noted that former Pakistani Chief of Staff General Raheel Sharif who has also commanded the Saudi-led Yemen war at the former’s request, has nudged Saudi Arabia and UAE to dispatch forces to Afghanistan. The Gulf States’ forces are said to be deployed in southern Afghanistan to “help quell any possible unrest arisen out of US and NATO exit”. But if something of sorts happens, it will only mean to take the reins of control from the US, without any intention to bring peace, or in other words, to keep, as two of the huge moneymaking sources, the drug trade and the illegal mining of rare earth elements running.
Following April 2019 presidential election, the new government in Kabul will be designed carefully to be able to secure the US interests. For the US, installing a vigilant, obedient and dedicated government is at the top of agenda. Every time an Afghan president gets nearer to the end of his term, it prompts the US policy makers to deliberate on replacing it with the most loyal candidate. Everyone knows that the current dual leadership government led by President Ashraf Ghani and the Chief Executive Abdullah was hammered out behind the doors under the chairmanship of former Secretary of State John Kerry.
Now at this juncture of time, Trump believes that when the US interests can be maintained without the physical presence of US forces, why should they bear the cost of keeping soldiers and get themselves entangled into violence. Trump and his key policy-makers are of opinion that Afghanistan now has reliable degree of pawns in necktie and arms devotedly loyal to the US to secure its ubiquitous economic and political as well as military interests. It no longer feels the need to remain in large number that may also help it escape long criticism of intervention from inside America.
The US expects the next Afghan president and its government to keep Russia or Iran at arm’s length. Afghanistan’s judiciary, legislative and executive power is centralized to president who is authorized to take critical decisions without referral or accountability to any other government authority. And this is the reason that a candidate fit and proper for the US can hold the entire nation’s fate at hand to rule according to the US’s best interests.
But this will not be sufficient and under the new agenda, the US will reportedly rely on Arab (and possibly Pakistani) forces to take lead of Afghanistan, as negotiations are in progress over who should fill the gaps created by partial US departure.
Kandahar’s police chief Taadin Khan, the younger brother of former powerful chief Abdul Raziq, has said that Pakistan has sent its own representatives in the guise of Taliban members to peace talks in Dubai in a bid to win more concessions on the threshold of major transition in Afghanistan.
The US special envoy Zalmay Khalilzad’s hasty frequent trips to Afghanistan, Pakistan, Russia and Arab States in recent months was nothing but efforts to inform and reach a consensus with the involved states about the shift in US Policy on Afghanistan.
One more development that points to the actuality of major policy change in Afghanistan is that Pakistan has started building the barbed-wire fence along disputed “Durand Line” border with Afghanistan in 2018 that is set to be completed by 2019. Before the construction of the fence, militants trained and armed in tribal areas of Pakistan would cross the border into Afghanistan without a minimal resistance from either side.
And now under Ashraf Ghani’s government when the Taliban and other militant groups have placed their anchor in respective regions, gained an easy and less-resisted foothold in parts of Afghanistan, built their Afghan brand of training camps and gotten their presence almost legalized in the face of the Afghan government and the US, Pakistan no longer sees need for its territories to be used for harboring and exporting extremism into Afghanistan as it is conscious of likely twist in the US strategies on Afghanistan.
Kandahar’s powerful police Chief Abdul Raziq who was assassinated at an inside job in a suicide attack following a press conference with top US General Scott Miller, had strongly stood up to Pakistan’s border fencing when the scheme reached to the stretch of his province. Raziq’s murder was partly fueled by his anti-Pakistani stand and resistance to building of fence.
Unfortunately, in such vulnerable times when each foreign state holding a stake in Afghan war struggle to extract more interests, Afghanistan’s capital Kabul usually witnesses indiscriminate and illogical armed attacks on non-military government buildings. On Monday, armed assailants stormed the building of the National Authority for Disabled People and Martyrs’ Families following a powerful suicide attack in front of the gate, as the employees were preparing to leave the office for the day. The attack killed nearly 50 people as the attackers would fire on civil workers when they moved floor by floor.
No group claimed the responsibility for it, and nor any militant group should accept it, because it is the war of regional intelligence agencies that intentionally take lives of normal Afghan people as a means of pressure against the Afghan government or other involved parties.
*
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Masud Wadan is a geopolitical analyst based in Kabul. He is a frequent contributor to Global Research. 

Venezuela: Aprobado Decreto Ley para la Garantía Soberana y Jurisdiccional sobre la Plataforma Continental del Delta del Orinoco


Resumen Latinoamericano*, 29 de diciembre de 2018.
Este viernes, el presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro Moros, rubricó el decreto Ley para la Garantía Soberana y Judicial sobre la Plataforma Continental del Delta del Orinoco.
En este sentido, la vicepresidenta ejecutiva del Gobierno Bolivariano, Delcy Rodríguez, encabezó el Consejo de Ministros N° 387, desde el Salón Sol del Perú del Palacio de Miraflores, donde informó sobre los avances de las políticas establecidas por el Gobierno Nacional con el fin de garantizar la estabilidad del territorio y exponer la importancia de este decreto.
“Esto supone la protección y máxima seguridad jurídica a todos nuestros espacios marítimos, y en este caso a esta importante plataforma continental”, acotó Rodríguez.
Este Decreto ley tiene por objeto garantizarle a la República Bolivariana de Venezuela el ejercicio de los derechos de soberanía plena y jurisdicción exclusiva sobre toda la plataforma submarina, zócalo y subsuelo continental que proyecta el Delta del Orinoco hasta el borde continental hacia el Océano Atlántico o fachada atlántica del Delta del Orinoco.
Por su parte, el canciller de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Jorge Arreaza, celebró la aprobación de este decreto expresando a través de su cuenta Twitter @jaarreaza que, “con la firma del Pdte. @NicolasMaduro, se aprobó hoy en Consejo de Ministr@s el DECRETO PARA LA GARANTÍA SOBERANA SOBRE LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL DEL DELTA DEL ORINOCO, reforzando nuestra soberanía plena y jurisdiccional en la fachada atlántica del Delta del Orinoco”, escribió.
Texto: MPPRE

Presidente Maduro en salutación de fin de año: Ordenó reforzar la frontera con Colombia


Resumen Latinoamericano*, 28 de diciembre de 2018.
El presidente de la República, Nicolás Maduro, honró la tarea de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana (FANB) en defensa de la patria y la llamó a continuar esta misión en máxima lealtad con la Constitución, con el pueblo, con la Revolución Bolivariana por encima de cualquier intriga o traidor que surja.
Hoy estamos más vivos que nunca y más dispuestos que nunca a seguir dando la batalla por la vida, por la felicidad de una patria que merece desarrollo, futuro, así que vaya mi abrazo a la FANB, todo mi amor, toda mi lealtad, todo mi apoyo a ustedes“, expresó este viernes el jefe de Estado, durante su salutación de fin de año a la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana y al pueblo de Venezuela desde el Patio de Honor del Ministerio para la Defensa, en Fuerte Tiuna, Caracas.
Debemos sentirnos cada vez más orgullosos de la FANB que tenemos, orgullo nacional. Contamos con militares bolivarianos. Cuidemos la Patria. A todos y todas pasen un feliz año 2019, en un abrazo sentimental”, manifestó en cadena nacional.
El mandatario significó que la FANB es una institución cristiana, en el espíritu de sacrificio y entrega al pueblo y remarcó: “Si alguna institución sale uniformada a darlo todo por los demás, eso son ustedes; si alguna institución tiene en su sangre el sacrificio, el espíritu socialista que sale a darlo todo por la patria, esa es la FANB“.
El presidente Maduro recalcó que los honores que ha recibido el componente castrense en este acto de salutación son bien merecidos e instó a los soldados a continuar vigilantes para que “nadie toque el suelo sagrado de nuestra Venezuela”, enfatizó.
En su discurso, el mandatario repudió los planes que contra Venezuela continúan fraguándose desde Colombia secundados por factores de oposición venezolanos y el imperio estadounidense, por lo que llamó a continuar en máxima alerta ante frente a las conspiraciones.
Asimismo resaltó que el imperio y la oligarquía quieren debilitar a nuestro país, “dividirlo y enfrentarlo para ponerle las garras y robar nuestras riquezas”.
“Venezuela no se arrodillará ante ningún imperio u oligarquía extranjera”, aseveró el presidente Maduro desde Fuerte Tiuna, en Caracas.
Ciudad CCS
       

Venezuela ofrece cooperación para investigar presunto plan de atentado contra presidente de Colombia Iván Duque


Resumen Latinoamericano / 30 de diciembre de 2018 / VTV
El Gobierno venezolano intenta comunicarse con el canciller de Colombia, Carlos Holmes Trujillo, para ofrecer apoyo a fin de investigar las denuncias sobre presuntos planes de atentado contra el presidente de esa nación, Iván Duque.
Así lo informó el canciller de la República, Jorge Arreaza,  a través de su cuenta en la red social digital Twitter @jaarreaza:
También anunció que requerirá al gobierno colombiano la información necesaria dada a conocer por Holmes sobre tres venezolanos aprehendidos con la finalidad de hacer las investigaciones pertinentes.
Asimismo, resaltó la importancia de la cooperación de la policía de Colombia para la captura de los responsables del magnicidio en grado de frustración contra el presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, hecho suscitado el 4 de agosto de este año 2018.
Las publicaciones fueron hechas luego de las denuncias realizadas por el canciller colombiano a través de un video publicado en sus redes sociales en el que aparecen presuntamente implicados tres venezolanos. /JML

30 de diciembre de 2018

Ultima Thule Shines a Puzzling Light As New Horizons Spacecraft Approaches

Ultima Thule Shines a Puzzling Light As New Horizons Spacecraft Approaches
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft took this composite image of Ultima Thule at around midnight EST on Dec. 2, 2018, from a distance of 24 million miles (38.7 million kilometers). In the right-hand frame, the region within the yellow box has been expanded and the background stars subtracted out.
Credit: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI
There's something weird going on with Ultima Thule, the distant object that NASA's New Horizons spacecraft will fly by just 10 days from now.
New Horizons team members don't think the 23-mile-wide (37 kilometers) Ultima is spherical; rather, the available data suggest that it's elongated or is perhaps even composed of two close-orbiting bodies. So, mission scientists were expecting to see a substantial "light curve" from Ultima: significant changes in brightness corresponding to different orientations of the object as it rotates.
But that's not what New Horizons observations in the lead-up to the epic New Year's Day encounter have shown. Instead, Ultima's brightness is relatively constant, like that of a spherical body. [NASA's New Horizons Mission in Pictures]
"It's really a puzzle," New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern, of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, said in a statement yesterday (Dec. 20). "I call this Ultima's first puzzle — why does it have such a tiny light curve that we can't even detect it? I expect the detailed flyby images coming soon to give us many more mysteries, but I did not expect this, and so soon."
Team members have come up with several possible explanations. For example, maybe Ultima's pole of rotation just happens to be pointed directly at New Horizons, minimizing the brightness variations seen by the spacecraft.
It's also possible that Ultima, which lies more than 4 billion miles (6.4 billion km) from the sun, is surrounded by a light-blocking cloud of dust, like the coma around a comet's nucleus. But an energy source would be required to generate such a feature, and it's unclear what that source would be. (The sun couldn't do the trick way out in Ultima's cold, dark environs, mission team members said.)
"An even more bizarre scenario is one in which Ultima is surrounded by many tiny, tumbling moons," Anne Verbiscer, a New Horizons assistant project scientist at the University of Virginia, said in the same statement. "If each moon has its own light curve, then together, they could create a jumbled superposition of light curves that make it look to New Horizons like Ultima has a small light curve."

If this is what's going on, it would be unprecedented. No solar system body is known to have such a satellite setup, Verbiscer said.
"It's hard to say which of these ideas is right," Stern said. "Perhaps it's even something we haven't even thought of. In any case, we'll get to the bottom of this puzzle soon — New Horizons will swoop over Ultima and take high-resolution images on Dec. 31 and Jan. 1, and the first of those images will be available on Earth just a day later. When we see those high-resolution images, we'll know the answer to Ultima's vexing, first puzzle. Stay tuned!"
The flyby will peak at 12:33 a.m. EST (0533 GMT) on Jan. 1, when New Horizons zooms within a mere 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of Ultima's reddish surface. That's more than three times closer than the probe got to Pluto during a historic encounter with the dwarf planet in July 2015.
Ultima, which is officially known as 2014 MU69, has been in a deep freeze in the far outer solar system for more than 4.5 billion years. So, studying the object up close should reveal key insights about the solar system's earliest days, mission team members have said.
Mike Wall's book about the search for alien life, "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), is out now. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us @Spacedotcom or Facebook. Originally published on Space.com

This Icy Crater Near Mars' North Pole Is a Winter Wonderland (Photos)

This Icy Crater Near Mars' North Pole Is a Winter Wonderland (Photos)
This image from the European Space Agency's Mars Express satellite shows Korolev crater, located near Mars' northern pole. The crater's coordinates are 165 degrees E, 73 degrees N on the martian surface.
Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Images of an "ever-icy" Martian crater reveal a distant yet mesmerizing winter wonderland.
What appears to be a bowl of fresh snow in this imagery released by the European Space Agency (ESA) on Thursday (Dec. 20) is actually an ice deposit chilling the air moving over it, agency officials said in a statement.
Ice is found in the deepest parts of this formation, called Korolev Crater, and as air moves over the ice, it cools down and sinks, producing cold air right above the chilly deposit.
This image from ESA's Mars Express shows Korolev crater, and is composed of five observations, each one from a different orbit of the spacecraft. It's High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) instrument took the data that formed the image.
This image from ESA's Mars Express shows Korolev crater, and is composed of five observations, each one from a different orbit of the spacecraft. It's High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) instrument took the data that formed the image.
Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
ESA officials called this phenomenon a "cold trap" because the air acts as a shield to keep the crater "permanently icy."
Korolev Crater is 82 kilometers across (51 miles) and found just south of terrain that wraps around Olympia Undae, Mars' northern polar cap. The crater floor can reach depths of two kilometers (1.2 miles) below its rim, deeper than Earth's Grand Canyon.
This image shows the landscape in and around Korolev crater, a feature 82 kilometers across (51 miles) found on Mars' northern lowlands. The bold white box indicates the region that the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera imaged over orbits 18042, 5726, 5692, 5654, and 1412. The elevation of the terrain is denoted by the blue colors indicated by the bar at the bottom.
This image shows the landscape in and around Korolev crater, a feature 82 kilometers across (51 miles) found on Mars' northern lowlands. The bold white box indicates the region that the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera imaged over orbits 18042, 5726, 5692, 5654, and 1412. The elevation of the terrain is denoted by the blue colors indicated by the bar at the bottom.
Credit: NASA MGS MOLA Science Team
The High Resolution Stereo Camera on the space agency's Mars Express satellite captured five different "strips" of the crater, each one coming from a different orbit of the spacecraft. By combining them, a single image was produced.
Mars Express has a connection with Christmas — the mission first fired its main engine to enter into Martian orbit on Dec. 25, 2003, after a roughly six-month journey from Earth. Mars Express is the agency's first spacecraft to explore another planet, but its high-resolution stereoscopic camera and mineralogical mapping spectrometer originated with an earlier mission called Mars 96, which failed shortly after launch on Nov. 16, 1996.

Follow Doris Elin Salazar on Twitter@salazar_elin. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

Supermoon Blood Moon Lunar Eclipse of 2019: Complete Guide


Overnight from Sunday, Jan. 20, 2019, into Monday, Jan. 21, millions of people in North and South America will have a prime view of a total lunar eclipse. During a special nocturnal hour, the full moon will become fully tinted with the red-orange color of sunset. The Jan. 21 total lunar eclipse will be the last one until May 2021; the most recent total lunar eclipse previous to this one appeared in July 2018.
Here, learn more about what makes lunar eclipses so special. [Rare Super Blue Blood Moon Eclipse Thrills Millions Around the World]
Editor's note: If you capture an amazing photo or video of the Jan. 21 total lunar eclipse and would like to share it with Space.com for a story or gallery, send images and comments to: spacephotos@space.com.
Skywatcher Keith Burns took this montage of images, which shows the Dec. 20, 2010, total lunar eclipse. The montage won a NASA contest to become an official NASA/JPL wallpaper for the public.
Skywatcher Keith Burns took this montage of images, which shows the Dec. 20, 2010, total lunar eclipse. The montage won a NASA contest to become an official NASA/JPL wallpaper for the public.
Credit: Keith Burns/NASA/JPL
During a lunar eclipse, a full moon's bright facade will change. As the moon enters Earth's shadow, all of the moon (or a section of it in the case of a partial eclipse) will turn a rusty color. Sunlight scatters to produce the red colors of sunset and sunrise when it enters Earth's atmosphere at a particular angle.
What a lunar eclipse displays is the color of all of Earth's sunrises and sunsets reaching the moon, NASA scientist Noah Petro told Space.com. If someone stood on the moon during a total lunar eclipse, Earth would appear to have a reddish ring all around it, as the person would gaze at the 360-degree sunrise and sunset they'd perceive at that particular intersection of Earth and lunar orbits.
During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks most of the sunlight that normally reaches the moon. This NASA illustration is not to scale.
During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks most of the sunlight that normally reaches the moon. This NASA illustration is not to scale.
Credit: NASA
When the lunar eclipse begins, the bright moon dims as it enters the outer part of Earth's shadow, called the penumbra. The deep tint of a full lunar eclipse is visible once the moon enters the deepest part of Earth's shadow, or umbra. The bright-red color appears once the moon is fully engulfed in the shadows, and it's the reason "blood" moon is a popular moniker for lunar eclipses.
To a certain extent, lunar eclipses reveal something about Earth, too. "Lunar eclipses ... reflect our world," astronomer and podcaster Pamela Gay told Space.com in an email. "A blood colored moon is created [by] ash from fires and volcanoes, ... dust storms and pollution all filtering sunlight as it scatters around our world. A grey eclipse is clear skies.
"Our world can change the appearance of another world, and during an eclipse, the universe lets us see this color play," she said.

The Jan. 20-21, 2019 total lunar eclipse will last 1 hour and 2 minutes, according to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center lunar eclipse projections.
The full experience, from the start of the partial eclipse to the end, will last 3 hours and 17 minutes.
The peak of the total lunar eclipse will happen shortly after day's end on Sunday, Jan. 20, on the U.S. east coast, at 12:16 a.m. EST (0516 GMT) on Monday, Jan. 21. This peak is also known as the "greatest eclipse" and is defined as the moment when the moon comes closest to the axis of Earth's shadow.
This NASA graphic offers basic details about the Jan. 21, 2019, total lunar eclipse. The red circle is Earth's darkest shadow, the umbra. The thick grey ring around it represents the outer portion of Earth's shadow, the penumbra. The thin black rings indicate the position of the moon as it moves through Earth's shadow.
This NASA graphic offers basic details about the Jan. 21, 2019, total lunar eclipse. The red circle is Earth's darkest shadow, the umbra. The thick grey ring around it represents the outer portion of Earth's shadow, the penumbra. The thin black rings indicate the position of the moon as it moves through Earth's shadow.
Credit: Espenak/Meeus/NASA/GSFC
Below is a lunar eclipse timetable for several locations from which the celestial event is visible, based on information from timeanddate.com.
People in Hawaii and eastern Africa will catch the dramatic lunar eclipse as the moon rises and sets over the horizon, respectively. Those viewers will see a total eclipse, but not all of the partial eclipse that leads up to and ends the celestial event. All of North and South America, including the Caribbean nations, will see the entire event. People in countries in Europe such as Iceland, Ireland and Portugal will also get to view all of the eclipse. And although people in the Ukraine and Turkey won't catch the whole eclipse, they'll still wake up to an impressive lunar sight. [Total Lunar Eclipse Gets a Cloudy Halo in Cool Time-Lapse Video]
Location Eclipse Begins Totality Begins Totality Ends Eclipse Ends
Anchorage, Alaska 6:33 p.m AKST 7:41 p.m. AST 8:43 p.m. AST 9:50 p.m. AST
Los Angeles, California 7:33 p.m. PST 8:41 p.m. PST 9:43 p.m. PST 10:50 p.m. PST
Mexico City, Mexico 9:33 p.m. CST 10:41 p.m. CST 11:43 p.m. CST 12:50 a.m. CST
Miami, Florida 10:33 p.m. EST 11:41 p.m. EST 12:43 p.m. EST 1:50 a.m. EST
Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic
11:33 p.m. AST 12:41 a.m. AST 1:43 p.m. AST 2:50 p.m. AST
Nuuk, Greenland 12:33 a.m. WGT 1:41 a.m. WGT 2:43 a.m. WGT 3:50 a.m. WGT
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1:33 a.m. BRST 2:41 a.m. BRST 3:43 a.m. BRST 4:50 a.m. BRST
Reykjavik, Iceland 3:33 a.m. GMT 4:41 a.m. GMT 5:43 a.m. GMT 6:50 p.m. GMT
Lagos, Nigeria 4:33 a.m. WAT 5:41 a.m. WAT 6:43 a.m. WAT Moon is below
horizon
A new moon occurs roughly every month, when the moon's far side is facing the sun and the moon's near side is in darkness. Every time a viewer sees the moon, it's always the same face, because the moon is tidally locked with Earth. So, when the moon is between the sun and Earth, a viewer doesn't see the near side; it cannot be seen in the sky. New moons are the phases that produce the other major celestial-shadow event: solar eclipses.
A lunar eclipse occurs during the full-moon phase, the opposite phase to new moon. During lunar eclipses Earth sits in the middle, between the sun and the moon. That's how the moon is able to pass through the planet's shadow.
A map showing the regions that can view the Jan. 21, 2019, total lunar eclipse.
A map showing the regions that can view the Jan. 21, 2019, total lunar eclipse.
Credit: Espenak/Meeus/NASA/GSFC
The last total lunar eclipse occurred on July 27, 2018, and was visible over Africa and countries in Central Asia such as India. Several months prior, on Jan. 31, another total lunar eclipse could be seen from Central Asia, the Pacific region and Alaska.
The first total lunar eclipse to follow Jan. 21's event will occur on May 26, 2021, and will be visible over the Pacific Ocean, with viewing possibilities in North America, South America and east Asia.
Follow Doris Elin Salazar on Twitter@salazar_elin. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

'Mother of Hubble' Nancy Grace Roman Led the Way for Women in Astronomy


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'Mother of Hubble' Nancy Grace Roman Led the Way for Women in Astronomy
Nancy Grace Roman was the first chief of astronomy in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters, and she helped fight for what would become the Hubble Space Telescope.
Credit: NASA/Kepler Team
At a time when men dominated the field of astronomy, Nancy Grace Roman stepped up to become "the mother of Hubble."
Roman was the first chief of astronomy in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters and the first woman to hold an executive position at the space agency. In her role, she successfully managed a number of astronomy-based projects, including what would eventually become the Hubble Space Telescope.
"The idea of Hubble was something that was among the astronomical community for generations; it was not something that was new," Roman said in a video released by NASA in February. "Astronomers badly wanted a large telescope above the atmosphere." [The Hubble Space Telescope: A 25th Anniversary Photo Celebration]
In the video, Roman discusses how she helped bring light to Hubble, and she talks about the pervasive bias against female scientists that she had to overcome along the way.
Nancy Grace Roman was born on May 16, 1925, in Nashville, Tennessee. She was the only child of Georgia Frances (Smith) and Irwin Roman. Her father held a joint degree in physics and mathematics, and his work in geophysics meant that he moved frequently in Nancy's early years.
But it's her mother that Roman credits for her interest in astronomy. In a fascinating 1980 oral interview with the American Institute of Physics, Roman said that when the family lived in Michigan, her mother would take her out at night and show her the constellations and the northern lights, as well as plants and animals.
The family lived in Reno, Nevada, for two years when Roman was still young. The second summer she was there, when she was about 11, she started an astronomy club with the girls in the neighborhood.
In her early high school days, Roman made the deliberate decision to go into astronomy, despite the long period of education it would require. She decided that if it didn't work out as a career, she could teach physics and mathematics to high school students.
"I don't know exactly at what age it was, but I do remember it was a conscious decision on my part," Roman said in the oral interview.
While her parents were both supportive, she didn't receive a lot of outside encouragement.
"I was told from the beginning that a woman could not be an astronomer," she said in the NASA video.
In fact, when she asked her high school counselor for permission to take a second year of algebra instead of a fifth year of Latin, the response was scathing.
"She looked down her nose at me and sneered, 'What lady would take mathematics instead of Latin?'" Roman said. [Women in Space: A Gallery of Firsts]
In 1946, Roman received her bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College, which she said she selected because it had a decent astronomy department at the time. Swarthmore was where she received her first encouragement regarding astronomy, when the head of the physics department told her that he usually tried to talk women out of going into physics. "But I think maybe you might make it," he said.
Roman went on to pursue her doctorate from the University of Chicago. But her thesis adviser there was not exactly supportive.
"There was a period in which he went for six months without speaking to me, even when I said hello to him in the hall," Roman said in the video. "He didn't want anything to do with me."
In the oral interview, she said that may have been part of the reason the department pushed her to leave without completing her degree, recommending her for a teaching position at Vassar College in New York.
Ironically, once she completed her doctorate in 1949, the same professor didn't want her to leave. Roman remained at the University of Chicago, working at its Yerkes Observatory before becoming an instructor and then an assistant professor. Despite such successes, she didn't think that she would be offered a tenured position.
"Right or wrong, I didn't think that I, as a woman, had a chance at tenure," Roman said in her oral interview. "I just didn't think I had a chance. I may be wrong, but I don't think so."
She moved on to the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for several years, studying radio astronomy. Then, in 1959, a talk by chemist Harold Urey triggered her interest, resulting in a conversation that would change her career.
The United States consolidated its space operations in October 1958, replacing the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics with a new agency called NASA.
After the Urey talk, Roman was approached by a colleague who had once been at NRL but was now at the newborn NASA. He asked her if she knew anyone who would like to set up NASA's program in space astronomy.
"The idea of coming in with an absolutely clean slate to set up a program that I thought was likely to influence astronomy for 50 years was just a challenge I couldn't turn down," Roman said in the oral interview.
In 1959, Roman became the first chief of astronomy in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters, and the first woman to hold an executive position at NASA.
Paradoxically, she was hired as a fresh doctoral student, despite her years of experience and international reputation. She said that was because her previous salary was so low that the civil service did not recognize her work to that point as professional experience.
Despite being a female astronomer in a crowd of men, Roman said that she had no problems with her NASA colleagues.
"I was accepted very readily as a scientist in my job," she said in the video. "The men were very cooperative, and I felt that the men treated me as one of the team without a problem."
In the years she spent at NASA, Roman was involved in multiple projects. One of them was known as Space Telescope, a massive instrument proposed to orbit Earth and capture data without interference from the planet's atmosphere.
Astronomer Lyman Spitzer hatched the idea of an optical space telescope in 1946. But he faced years of rejection, due in part to the cost as well as the technological challenges.
Eventually, the space-telescope idea came to Roman's attention. She took a practical approach to bring the project together.
"If the aerospace companies were going to put a lot of money into designing a telescope, they might as well design one that made sense," she said in the video.
In 1960, Roman brought together astronomers from all over the country who represented the interests of the astronomical community. She sat them down with NASA engineers and had the two groups hammer out a design for an instrument that could gather the data the science community desired.
Roman and her colleagues met several times to discuss what was then known as the Large Space Telescope. Once other programs, such as Gemini, Apollo and Mariner, began to generate a wealth of space-engineering data, Roman became a strong NASA advocate for what would eventually become the Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble launched in April 1990 and continues to make important observations and discoveries today.
"She made it possible to get early telescopes up [into space] to learn what needed to be learned," science historian Bob Zimmerman told Space.com back in 2009. "As soon as that technology started to mature, she was pushing for the design work. Her hard-nosed nature helped get the telescope built." [Hubble in Pictures: Astronomers' Top Picks (Photos)]
Roman retired from NASA in 1969, though she continued to work as a contractor at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for several years.
But retirement hasn't stopped her from encouraging other women to continue the journey she started so many years ago. On Roman's 90th birthday in 2015, NASA said she continued to speak "eloquently and intelligently with a passion to encourage young women to pursue careers in science and engineering."
"I'm happy about the fact that women can get senior jobs now," Roman said in the video. "They're not being quite as discouraged as I was."
There are still two things she would like to see improve. One is the issue of salaries: According to the Wall Street Journal, female astronomers and physicists earn just 85 percent as much as their male counterparts.
The other issue is the percentage of women in the field. Although changes in attitudes over time have made it easier for women to obtain senior positions in astronomy now than back in Roman's day, she said that there still aren't many women at high levels in the field.
In an earlier interview, as reported by NASA, Roman gave some advice to women who wanted to enter the field of astronomy and work for the space agency.
"My career was quite unusual, so my main advice to someone interested in a career similar to my own is to remain open to change and new opportunities," Roman said. "I like to tell students that the jobs I took after my Ph.D. were not in existence only a few years before. New opportunities can open up for you in this ever-changing field."
Follow Nola Taylor Redd at @NolaTRedd, Facebook, or Google+. Follow us at @Spacedotcom, Facebookor Google+. Originally published on Space.com.

« Chavez a lancé l’appel féministe pour faire tomber les barrières des discriminations », entretien avec Maria Gabriela Blanco


Le Réseau de Solidarité avec la Révolution Bolivarienne (@redeuropave) rencontre María Gabriela Blanco, membre de l’Alianza Sexo Género Diversa Revolucionaria (ASGDRe) et militante active en Belgique au sein de Venesol et INTAL Amérique latine, membres du réseau.
Née à Higuerote, dans l’État de Miranda, Gaby Blanco (photo) a étudié l’Économie sociale à l’Université Nationale Polytechnique Expérimentale des Forces Armées et a été chroniqueuse pour l’hebdomadaire culturel Todos Adentro dans la rubrique Diversité populaire. Elle collabore depuis 2012 au magazine Épale CCS dans la rubrique Soberanía Sexuales et vit actuellement à Bruxelles. Elle nous explique comment ce collectif comprend le processus bolivarien au Venezuela et pourquoi il convient de le défendre.
Différents collectifs, mouvements, organisations sociales, partis politiques et vous, Alianza Sexo Género Diversa Revolucionaria (ASGDRe) font partie du Réseau Européen de Solidarité avec la Révolution Bolivarienne. Qu’est-ce qui vous a unis pour faire partie de ce projet pour la défense de la souveraineté et de l’autodétermination du peuple Vénézuelien ?
Je dois d’abord décrire l’organisation qui m’a appris ce que signifie être chaviste, surtout à une époque où le fait de prendre des positions qui dérangent en haut lieu entraîne régulièrement des attaques discriminatoires. L’Alliance Sexo Género Diversa Revolucionaria, ASGDRe, créée en 2009, est un collectif composé de personnes de sexualités et d’expressions de genre diverses, dissidentes de l’hétéronorme (femmes et hommes lesbiennes, trans, homosexuelles, hétérosexuelles et fluides), que nous organisons pour créer, renforcer et consolider la lutte pour nos droits en tant que population discriminée et exclue.
À partir de là, nous nous proposons d’assumer un rôle historique, participatif et moteur dans les luttes des peuples opprimés, c’est pourquoi nous rappelons toujours que nous sommes le fruit de la Révolution bolivarienne. Le travail que nous réalisons nous le faisons à partir de nos relations quotidiennes intimes et sociales, à partir de nos communautés, de notre condition de classe, de nos moyens alternatifs d’éducation et de formation et des espaces d’organisation populaire. En tant qu’Alliance, nous affirmons le besoin fondamental de formation interne ainsi qu’avec les autres communautés afin de mettre en commun et d’approfondir nos connaissances, ainsi que pour nous reconnaître mutuellement comme sujets et sujets politiques de transformation et d’émancipation dans les processus de changement social.
Rencontre nationale des mouvements de la sexo-diversité à Caracas
Il ne faut cependant pas tout mélanger, notre lutte et nos réflexions n’exigent pas le respect ‘diplomatique’ de notre existence, encore moins d’être inclu.e.s dans les logiques de consommation du système capitaliste et patriarcal, nous voulons changer ce système. Nous défendons le fait que le sexe et la diversité des genres font partie d’une lutte de classe et c’est précisément pour cette raison que nous ne sommes pas d’accord avec des objectifs qui sont clairement vindicatifs et fragmentés, mais que nous reconnaissons et nous nous articulons avec de multiples luttes, parmi lesquelles celles des afrodescendants, travailleurs, féministes, paysans, écologistes, indigènes, travailleurs culturels et tous ceux qui sont convaincus de construire un système plus fraternel et humaniste dans la perspective de Notre Amérique. Cela nous amène à faire partie du RÉSEAU EUROPÉEN de Solidarité avec la Révolution bolivarienne qui s’est fondé avec des objectifs très divers, mais communs, ce qui me rappelle beaucoup les débuts de l’ALBA des Mouvements sociaux en 2009.
En Europe, des personnes venues du Venezuela ont demandé le statut de réfugié ou le statut de demandeur d’asile en raison de leur orientation sexuelle ou de leur identité de genre ; au Venezuela, des personnes sont-elles persécutées à cause de cette situation ?
Dans les articles 19, 20, 21, 22 et 23, relatifs aux Devoirs, Droits Humains et Garanties, la Constitution de la République bolivarienne du Venezuela oblige l’État à garantir, « sans aucune discrimination, la jouissance et l’exercice inaliénables, indivisibles et interdépendants des droits humains » ; stipule également que « toute personne a droit au libre développement de sa personnalité » et donc que « tous sont égaux devant la loi », interdisant la discrimination fondée sur la race, le sexe, la croyance, la condition sociale ou celles qui, en général, ont pour but ou pour résultat de détruire ou de compromettre la reconnaissance, la jouissance ou l’exercice, dans des conditions d’égalité, des droits et libertés individuels.
Ainsi, tout un appareil législatif découle de la Constitution pour protéger en la dotant de droits fondamentaux notre communauté de genre dissident. C’est pourquoi, en l’honneur de la vérité et contre la malhonnêteté, aucun(e) compatriote qui aurait le plein usage de ses facultés ne peut affirmer et demander l’asile au prétexte d’une persécution puisque dans notre pays la diversité sexuelle et de genres n’est pas criminalisée, au contraire, elle est légalement garantie. Aucun fonctionnaire de la Puissance publique nationale n’a le pouvoir de soumettre ou de réprimer une personne trans, lesbienne, homosexuelle, bisexuelle, queer, pansexuelle ou tout autre forme existante en dehors de l’hétéronormatif (Loi du Statut de la fonction de police en matière d’administration du personnel et développement de la carrière dans la police, articles 70 et 143).
De plus, par respect pour les sœurs LGBTQIA qui viennent en Europe en provenance de pays comme le Soudan, l’Iran, l’Arabie saoudite, la Mauritanie ou le Yémen où l’homosexualité est punie de la peine de mort, il est honteux pour moi de savoir que certains Vénézuéliens ont fait cette requête. Au Venezuela, nous avons également des représentants politiques, qu’il s’agisse de chavistes ou d’opposants qui ont gagné les élections et qui exercent actuellement leur mandat, qui assument ouvertement leur différence de sexe ou de genre.

Il est regrettable que les collègues de l’Association Civile Vénézuélienne Igualitaria, créée en 2012 dans le but d’unir leurs forces avec d’autres collectifs et mouvements sociaux pour développer des stratégies d’information, de formation et de sensibilisation des citoyens en matière de droit à la non-discrimination sur la base de l’orientation sexuelle, l’identité de genre et l’expression du genre, qui soutiennent le Mariage civil égalitaire comme un de leurs drapeaux de lutte, aient reçu des demandes de Vénézuéliens à l’étranger, pas seulement en Europe, pour obtenir un document, presque comme une faveur personnelle, pour soutenir la thèse de personnes qui disent être persécutées du fait de leur orientation ou identité sexuelle et veulent ainsi obtenir le statut de réfugié. Ces demandes ont été rejetées catégoriquement par cet organisme.
Il faut dénoncer le fait que les pays qui se prêtent à la désinformation et à l’isolement du Venezuela dans le concert international, jouent au jeu statistique de ceux qui fabriquent les « crises humanitaires et migratoires » dans le monde, telles que l’USAID, NED, Open Society Foundation, parmi d’autres opérateurs politiques qui attaquent le Venezuela, en augmentant le nombre de personnes déclarées en asile politique pour renforcer le scénario de la ¨dictature¨. Mais il faut dire aussi que le Venezuela, comme le reste de notre Amérique et les pays d’Europe plus ou moins égaux en droits, souffre de la maladie du machisme, héritage de l’ « ancien » monde colonisateur. C’est une dette historique due à notre communauté, victime de l’hétéropatriarcat. C’est là que l’héritage du commandant Chávez reste pertinent, puisque c’est lui qui a lancé l’appel féministe pour faire tomber les barrières de la discrimination et nous intégrer dans les politiques de l’État.
Comment s’y prendre à partir du Réseau européen ou de collectifs comme ASGDRe pour contrer la manipulation des médias et la désinformation sur ce qui se passe au Venezuela ? Comment briser ce siège médiatique, quelles alternatives avons-nous ?
Il faut raviver la rébellion et la créativité des médias populaires et alternatifs qui ont tant contribué à la prise de conscience, à l’organisation et à la mobilisation du pouvoir populaire au Venezuela. La résistance, la guérilla et la contre-offensive communicationnelle ont caractérisé les mouvements sociaux et les conseils communaux à une époque où, au Venezuela, nous ne pouvions même pas imaginer être inclus dans les grilles de programmes de la télévision traditionnelle, en raison du caractère hégémonique de ses contenus. Reprendre les stratégies de base de la communication (pochoir, peinture murale, sérigraphie, formation, construction de contenu, agitation), les relier aux outils sociaux actuels et surtout comprendre le territoire et ses habitants comme l’espace symbolique où va s’établir l’artillerie de la pensée. Que faire avec tout cela ? Au Venezuela, même si le courant dominant l’invisibilise, des changements profonds se produisent, les gens se regroupent, réfléchissent, conçoivent leur avenir avec ou sans le blocus.
Nous devons enregistrer et diffuser ce réel pour qu’il devienne viral, tant sur le territoire communal où le processus révolutionnaire se déroule que dans les territoires adjacents (pour les motiver) et ceux qui vivent des expériences similaires (pour les inciter). Pour donner un exemple concret, La Minka, une entreprise de propriété sociale, réalise un travail collectif en faveur de la communauté d’Altagracia et de La Pastora à Caracas. En ce moment le thème de leurs luttes se résume dans le slogan : « Espace vide, espace récupéré », qui leur permet de développer une stratégie pour promouvoir l’agriculture urbaine. En plus de fonctionner en tant que Maison Culturelle, La Minka est aussi une boulangerie, une production de textiles, organise des ateliers de danse, de poésie, de théâtre, de graffitis, et participe aux débats dans les Assemblées Populaires. Elle réalise aussi un travail de guérilla de communication en enregistrant l’événement politique depuis la base, en direct avec ceux qui le vivent. Cette expression d’autogestion communale est certainement une de celles que le Réseau peut promouvoir et accompagner pour équiper notre artillerie de défense de la Révolution Bolivarienne…

Comment renforcer la solidarité internationale avec le Venezuela et défendre le processus révolutionnaire depuis l’Europe ou la Belgique ?
En termes vénézuéliens, le Réseau doit serrer les coudes avec notre peuple qui fait l’impossible pour résister aux agressions de cette guerre non conventionnelle. La communication, comme je l’ai expliqué précédemment, est stratégique, elle doit être une priorité, puisque l’ennemi parie sur l’occultation et la désinformation par rapport aux transformations politiques qui se mettent en place.
C’est pour cela que le flux d’information doit être constant, véridique et immédiat, afin de ne pas donner au lobbying des médias qui désinforment une chance de se positionner aussi facilement. Ce type de diffusion, je l’imagine à partir de l’essence même de la guérilla communicationnelle, avec une utilisation maîtrisée des ressources, un message clair et une compréhension de ce que nous voulons transmettre. Et ce que nous voulons transmettre sera en accord avec les camarades qui sont sur le territoire. Rien ne peut se faire sans l’avis du peuple vénézuélien. Je crois que le RÉSEAU devrait avoir un bureau au Venezuela chargé de s’articuler avec les mouvements sociaux, les communes et les plates-formes citoyennes pour planifier des campagnes et des stratégies de solidarité. En 2019, par exemple, en Amérique latine, l’Assemblée internationale des peuples aura lieu au Venezuela et les réunions préparatoires ont déjà commencé et je crois que le Réseau doit exprimer son soutien et son intérêt à participer à cet espace… Nous devons également faire un travail de persuasion avec les camarades des différentes gauches européennes pour accompagner cette construction sans précédent que nous appelons le Socialisme du 21e siècle, qui n’a pas de modèle, qui s’appuie sur l’approfondissement des communes, sur l’articulation constante avec les mouvements nationaux, citoyens et les plates-formes continentales d’intégration comme l’ALBA, la CELAC, Unasur, ASA, au lieu de jouer le jeu d’une droite internationale qui table sur l’isolement d’un pays qui, comme Cuba, a été pour beaucoup de frères l’espoir d’un autre monde possible.
Traduction: VeneSol, https://venesol.org/2018/12/27/asgdre/#more-3077

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