Man-Made Quakes:
Scientists see a link between earthquakes and the disposal of wastewater
from oil and gas wells, including those that use the production method
known as hydraulic fracturing.
By HENRY FOUNTAIN
Austin Holland, a research seismologist at the
Oklahoma Geological Survey in Norman, has been studying the increase in
seismic activity in the state for several years.
This fall her neighborhood in the northeastern part of this city has
been shaken by dozens of minor earthquakes. “We would just have little
trembles all the time,” she said.
Even before a magnitude 4.5 quake on Saturday knocked objects off her
walls and a stone from above her neighbor’s bay window, Ms. Sexton was
on edge.
“People are fed up with the earthquakes,” she said. “Our kids are scared. We’re scared.”
Oklahoma has never been known as earthquake country, with a yearly
average of about 50 tremors, almost all of them minor. But in the past
three years, the state has had thousands of quakes. This year has been
the most active, with more than 2,600 so far, including 87 last week.
While most have been too slight to be felt, some, like the quake on
Saturday and a smaller one in November that cracked a bathroom wall in
Ms. Sexton’s house, have been sensed over a wide area and caused damage.
In 2011, a magnitude 5.6 quake — the biggest ever recorded in the state
— injured two people and severely damaged more than a dozen homes, some
beyond repair.
State officials say they are concerned, and residents accustomed to tornadoes and hail are now talking about buying earthquake insurance.
“I’m scared there’s going to be a bigger one,” Ms. Sexton said.
Just as unsettling in a state where more than 340,000 jobs are tied to
the oil and gas industry is what scientists say may be causing many of
the quakes: the widespread industry practice of disposing of billions of
gallons of wastewater that is produced along with oil and gas, by
injecting it under pressure into wells that reach permeable rock
formations.
“Disposal wells pose the biggest risk,” said Austin Holland, a
seismologist with the Oklahoma Geological Survey, who is studying the
various clusters of quakes around the state.
Oklahoma has more than 4,000 disposal wells for waste from tens of
thousands of oil and gas wells. “Could we be looking at some cumulative
tipping point? Yes, that’s absolutely possible,” Dr. Holland said. But
there could be other explanations for the increase in earthquakes, he
added.
Scientists have known for years that injection wells and other human
activities can induce earthquakes by changing pressures underground.
That can have the effect of “unclamping” old stressed faults so the
rocks can slip past each other and cause the ground to shake.
The weight of water behind a new dam in China, for example, is thought to have induced a 2008 quake in Sichuan Province that killed 80,000 people. In Australia, a 1989 quake
that killed 13 people was attributed in part to the opposite effect —
the removal of millions of tons of coal during more than two centuries
of mining.
In other places, including California and Switzerland, enhanced geothermal projects, in which water is pumped into hot rocks deep underground to produce energy, have caused quakes.
In Texas, some earthquakes have been connected to the industry practice
of “water flooding,” increasing the yield of older oil wells by pumping
water into nearby wells to force the oil out, said Cliff Frohlich, a
University of Texas scientist. In other cases, Dr. Frohlich said, just
the extraction of oil and gas from a long-producing field has been seen
to induce quakes.
The practice of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking — injecting liquid at
high pressures into shale rock — causes very small tremors as the rocks
break, releasing trapped oil or gas. The technique has also been linked
to a few minor earthquakes — in Oklahoma about a year ago, and in
England and British Columbia. Yet unlike the continuing clusters of
quakes elsewhere, the fracking-related earthquakes occurred only over
short time periods, scientists say.
Of greater potential concern, scientists say, is wastewater disposal —
from fracked or more conventional wells. Disposal wells linked to quakes
have been shut down in a few states, including Arkansas and Ohio.
Along with oil and gas, water comes out of wells, often in enormous
amounts, and must be disposed of continuously. Because transporting
water, usually by truck, is costly, disposal wells are commonly located
near producing wells.
The oil and gas industry points out that many of Oklahoma’s disposal
wells are in areas with no earthquake activity, and that the practice of
injecting wastewater has been going on for years.
A drilling rig near Calumet, Okla. More than 300,000
jobs in the state are tied to the oil and gas industry.
“We’ve been doing this for a long time and it hasn’t been an issue
before,” said Chad Warmington, president of the Oklahoma Oil and Gas
Association.
But Dr. Frohlich said that what had changed was where the disposal was
occurring. With the boom in production of oil and gas from shale
formations, he said, “People are disposing of fluids in places they
haven’t before.”
Still, it is difficult to show a definitive link between a group of
quakes and nearby disposal wells, and Dr. Holland thinks there may be
other explanations for some of the recent quakes, including the largest
one, which occurred on a known fault line about 50 miles east of
Oklahoma City.
Oklahoma does have natural seismic activity, he noted, and has had a few
powerful quakes in the past, including one with a magnitude of 5.5 in
1952 and one estimated at about a magnitude of 7 that the geological
record shows occurred 1,300 years ago. He also thinks changes in the
water level of a large nearby lake may be responsible for some of the
quakes around Oklahoma City, although he says this is not the most
likely explanation.
The swarm of quakes has state regulators concerned, but cautious.
“We have to look at what data and scientific evidence supports some
connection,” before deciding on steps to manage the risk, said Dana L.
Murphy, a commissioner with the Oklahoma Corporation Commission.
Theoretically, at least, the commission could order some wells to be
shut.
Already the commission has reached an agreement with a disposal well
operator in Love County, about 100 miles south of Oklahoma City, to
reduce the amount of wastewater injected into his well. The facility had
been operating for only two weeks, injecting up to 400,000 gallons of
water a day from nearby fracking operations, when earthquakes started
occurring in September, including one that toppled a chimney and caused
other damage.
All the shaking in the state has people talking about what to do if a
bigger one were to hit. “I’ve been through a lot of tornadoes — you can
go hide from them,” said Bill Hediger, whose home in Edmond, just north
of Oklahoma City, shows cracks in the walls from the magnitude 5.6
quake. “But you can’t hide from an earthquake.”
Dr. Holland said that given the geological record, he could not rule out
the possibility that a larger quake may occur in the state.
Ms. Sexton said she was not against the oil and gas industry, but added
that if the quakes in her area were definitively linked to disposal
wells, they should be shut down.
“It would hurt oil and gas,” she said. “But it’s oil and gas hurting homeowners and making people fearful.”
